Opportunities of households to contribute to primary frequency regulation in power systems : Proof of concepts
Manner, Pekka (2024-04-12)
Väitöskirja
12.04.2024
Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT
Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis
School of Energy Systems
School of Energy Systems, Sähkötekniikka
Kaikki oikeudet pidätetään.
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In reference to IEEE copyrighted material which is used with permission in this thesis, the IEEE does not endorse any of Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. If interested in reprinting/republishing IEEE copyrighted material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution, please go to http://www.ieee.org/publications_ standards/publications/rights/rights_link.html to learn how to obtain a License from RightsLink.
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-412-063-0
https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-412-063-0
Tiivistelmä
Our energy systems are undergoing a tremendous change. The increasing amount of inverter-connected production and consumption-side assets challenges the frequency stability in power systems. New solutions for balancing have been sought, and the focus has been shifting toward consumption side. The research conducted within this doctoral dissertation focuses on the capabilities of households to contribute to frequency stability. The main objective is to evaluate how the most electricity-consuming residential appliances could be harnessed to primary frequency regulation markets. The electric appliances considered here include electric space heating, heat pumps, electric water heating devices, and electric vehicle chargers.
The dissertation is based on four articles, published in scientific journals and conferences, each focusing on the aforementioned appliances. The particular focus in the research and all the articles is on concepts that are implementable in real life. The underlying idea was to present and evaluate concepts that are techno-economically viable and scalable. Hence, the research was conducted by verifying the technical functioning of the presented concept by real-life proof of concept tests and economical simulations uncovering the underlying business potential.
The results show that there are indeed concepts that can provide the required capacity with a latency complying with the tight requirements of the primary frequency regulation markets. The results showed that there are concepts for direct electric space and electric water heating that enable capacity provision for frequency containment reserves (FCR). However, the provision of such capacity from heat pumps was found to be challenging. The research also verified that EV chargers can provide fast frequency reserve (FFR) capacity. The economic simulations suggested that the concepts have also significant business potential.
The dissertation is based on four articles, published in scientific journals and conferences, each focusing on the aforementioned appliances. The particular focus in the research and all the articles is on concepts that are implementable in real life. The underlying idea was to present and evaluate concepts that are techno-economically viable and scalable. Hence, the research was conducted by verifying the technical functioning of the presented concept by real-life proof of concept tests and economical simulations uncovering the underlying business potential.
The results show that there are indeed concepts that can provide the required capacity with a latency complying with the tight requirements of the primary frequency regulation markets. The results showed that there are concepts for direct electric space and electric water heating that enable capacity provision for frequency containment reserves (FCR). However, the provision of such capacity from heat pumps was found to be challenging. The research also verified that EV chargers can provide fast frequency reserve (FFR) capacity. The economic simulations suggested that the concepts have also significant business potential.
Kokoelmat
- Väitöskirjat [1110]