Energy demand of heavy-duty vehicles charging infrastructure and factors affecting their placement in Finland

Abstract

A notable share of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from road freight in Europe stems from heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). Despite being a small fraction of the overall vehicle fleet, the contribution of HDVs is disproportionately large. European Union (EU) aims to reduce the new HDV fleets emissions to 30 % by 2030, with Finland targeting a 50 % reduction in transport sector emissions by 2030 and complete elimination by 2045. This thesis investigates the potential for complete electrification of Finland’s HDV fleet, particularly examining the energy demand for the necessary charging infrastructure. Utilizing traffic volume data from 376 traffic measurement system (TMS) points on Finland’s 28 main roads, the thesis classifies HDVs and calculates their fuel and electrical energy consumption. The analysis includes spatial mapping of energy density, energy demand, power requirements, and charging stations based on EU regulations. The results indicate a need for 4.93 TWh of annual energy, reflecting a 0.614 GW power demand and requiring 1,755 chargers (each with a capacity of 350 kW). Findings emphasize the need for advanced battery technology, substantial government support for infrastructure, and strategic policies. Transition challenges include balancing battery capacity, payload, range, economic impacts, and synchronized logistics and charging infrastructure development. Continued government support is crucial for achieving Finland’s emission reduction goals and fostering a shift to zero-emission HDVs.