From ideology to implementation : real-world blockchain use cases and the European Union's strategies for adoption

Abstract

Initially known for cryptocurrency applications, blockchain technology is now used in diverse areas such as finance, supply chain, healthcare, and digital identity. This thesis examines how the European Union (EU) has governed and promoted blockchain through efforts like the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) and the European Blockchain Services Infrastructure (EBSI), assessing their influence on broader adoption. Practical use cases demonstrate efficiency gains and trust enhancement—e.g., streamlined logistics, secure patient record management, and instantaneous cross-border payments—yet also reveal challenges surrounding regulatory ambiguities, interoperability issues, and limited public awareness. The EU's strategy aims to find a middle ground between promoting innovation and safeguarding consumers. Regulations like EBSI help clarify legal responsibilities but may inadvertently restrict some of blockchain's more revolutionary potential. Pilot programs and regulatory sandboxes illustrate the EU's pragmatic strategy of testing decentralized solutions in controlled settings, thus mitigating risks before scaling up. Looking forward, this research suggests collaboration among policymakers, industry experts, academics, and investments in skill-building initiatives. So, by creating a clear legal framework and enhancing digital literacy, blockchain technology can become a great asset for both the public and private sectors. This transformation can support the EU's vision of delivering transparent and inclusive digital services.