Building a nature-positive energy future using the mitigation hierarchy : how wind energy operation can benefit biodiversity

Abstract

The clean energy transition is essential in addressing the climate crisis. However, the necessity for the rapid expansion of renewable energy to fight climate change contributes, like all anthropogenic activity, to the biodiversity crisis. This thesis explores how the mitigation hierarchy can be modified and applied to wind energy project operations with the goal of net-neutral and nature-positive outcomes. This research draws on academic literature, grey sources, and policy documents to identify strategies for minimizing, restoring, and enhancing biodiversity during wind farm operation. Minimization strategies include curtailment, SKARV system, deterrent technologies, habitat management, noise pollution reduction, and repowering. Restoration focuses on ecosystems affected by construction and maintenance activities like peatland, desert area, and grasslands using tools like water, soil, and vegetation management. Proactive enhancement strategies include the creation and maintenance of habitat corridors, buffer zones, pollinator habitats, and artificial habitat structures like nesting boxes and artificial reefs. The thesis highlights the importance of site-specific solutions, continuous monitoring, innovation, and the critical need for additional research. In conclusion, no single strategy presented is sufficient alone; rather, a combination of strategies implemented through the mitigation hierarchy are required to offer a path towards net-neutral and net-positive outcomes for biodiversity during wind farm operations.