Women-led clean energy enterprises in Kenya : business models, challenges and social impacts

Abstract

Women-led clean energy enterprises in Kenya play a pivotal role in advancing sustainable development by combining innovative business models with community-centred impact. This study investigates the structure and operations of these enterprises, examining their business models, core challenges, and social impacts. Using qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews and case studies, the research identifies approaches such as direct sales, pay-as-you-go models, and off-grid energy services designed for underserved communities. Key challenges include constrained access to finance, limited technological infrastructure, restrictive social norms, lack of education and training and regulatory limitations. Nevertheless, these enterprises significantly contribute to job creation, improved livelihoods, better health outcomes, women’s empowerment, and expanded energy access. Their contributions highlight the importance of targeted policy frameworks, capacity development, and inclusive financial mechanisms to enhance their effectiveness. The study provides valuable insights for strengthening women-led clean energy enterprises in Kenya’s energy transition, highlighting their potential to foster gender equity and environmental sustainability.