Physicochemical characterization and suitability of food waste derived pectin for the development of microdelivery systems
Manga, Felista Adrehem (2025)
Diplomityö
2025
School of Engineering Science, Kemiantekniikka
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2025090193349
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2025090193349
Tiivistelmä
Valorization of agro-industrial waste offers a sustainable pathway for obtaining industrially valuable compounds. Carrot root pomace, a nutrient-rich byproduct, represents a promising and sustainable source of pectin. This study evaluated the suitability of carrot root pomace pectin (CRPP) in the fabrication of baicalin-loaded microparticles for an oral delivery system. The physicochemical characterization of CRPP was assessed at varying concentrations, at different pH levels, and at varying ionic strengths. CRPP demonstrated high surface activity at low pH, while under ionic strength, reduced viscosity, but improved foamability properties. Changes in the zeta potential of CRPP under different pH and ionic strength confirmed its weak anionic character. CRPP exhibited rather poor gelling abilities in the presence of divalent ions, but surprisingly better gelling abilities with trivalent ions.
CRPP was evaluated as an end-coating for sodium alginate-chitosan baicalin-loaded microparticles. The matrix of microparticles was fabricated using medium-viscosity sodium alginate (NaALG) via ionic gelation with Ca²⁺ ions, layered with chitosan (CHIT) and coated with CRPP. Three formulations of microparticles: NaALG, NaALG/CHIT, and NaALG/CHIT/CRPP were studied under simulated conditions of a 4-stage gastrointestinal tract. NaALG/CHIT/CRPP microparticles exhibited the largest size followed by NaALG microparticles and NaALG/CHIT microparticles were the smallest. All achieved high encapsulation efficiency more than 80%. Microparticles presented the highest physical stability in simulated saliva (SSC) and the lowest in simulated gastric fluid (SGC). The release profiles of baicalin under gastrointestinal conditions in vitro form of all formulations indicated early release under SSC and SGC. NaALG/CHIT/CRPP showed the highest cumulative release by the end of SGC and minimal release of baicalin in simulated intestinal (SIC) and colon conditions (SCC).
CRPP was evaluated as an end-coating for sodium alginate-chitosan baicalin-loaded microparticles. The matrix of microparticles was fabricated using medium-viscosity sodium alginate (NaALG) via ionic gelation with Ca²⁺ ions, layered with chitosan (CHIT) and coated with CRPP. Three formulations of microparticles: NaALG, NaALG/CHIT, and NaALG/CHIT/CRPP were studied under simulated conditions of a 4-stage gastrointestinal tract. NaALG/CHIT/CRPP microparticles exhibited the largest size followed by NaALG microparticles and NaALG/CHIT microparticles were the smallest. All achieved high encapsulation efficiency more than 80%. Microparticles presented the highest physical stability in simulated saliva (SSC) and the lowest in simulated gastric fluid (SGC). The release profiles of baicalin under gastrointestinal conditions in vitro form of all formulations indicated early release under SSC and SGC. NaALG/CHIT/CRPP showed the highest cumulative release by the end of SGC and minimal release of baicalin in simulated intestinal (SIC) and colon conditions (SCC).