Towards a complementary environmental, social and governance reporting framework in the mining of critical minerals : a case of Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe and South Africa

Abstract

The Global energy transition has increased demand for critical minerals. This positions the African continent as a turning point. In the Sub-Saharan region, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Zimbabwe, and South Africa are among the countries at the center of strategic supply chains. However, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting practices often fail to reflect the lived realities and priorities of society. This thesis investigates ESG reporting on critical minerals in Africa. Drawing on interviews, questionnaires, field visits, and participation in international dialogues, the study assesses the effectiveness of current ESG disclosures and cultural disconnects. The findings reveal that while ESG awareness is increasing, reporting remains inconsistent and often fails to capture local realities. To address these gaps, the research introduces the DSR (Development, Stewardship, Reconciliation) framework as a complementary approach that captures local realities while aligning with global ESG standards and African priorities and lived experiences. Future research should conduct pilot studies to evaluate the feasibility of the framework. In addition, investing in digital, participatory, and capacity-building is essential, especially for credible, transparent, and inclusive ESG reporting. Actionable recommendations support policymakers, industry leaders, and communities in the mining sector. This initiative contributes to advancing responsible mineral extraction and sustainable development.