Future hybrid energy houses : heating and electricity from multiple sources

Abstract

The residential sector accounts for a significant share of global energy consumption, with space heating and domestic hot water representing the largest portion of household energy use. This thesis explores the technical viability and economic optimization of the hybrid energy systems of a typical 140-square-metre detached house. The study measures the peak heating loads and yearly heating demand and compares energy conversion technologies using a steady-state thermal model and the Heating Degree Day (HDD) methodology. The analysis indicates that the maximum room heating load of 5.16 kW is at the design temperature difference of 30 K and fabric transmission of 3.42 kW and ventilation of 1.73 kW. Space heating and DHW consumption has been estimated to total 13290 kWh/year. The findings show that fully electric resistance heating, although involving the highest operation cost of around 3322 €/year, a hybrid configuration consisting of a heat pump, gas boiler, and 20% solar contribution reduced the annual expenditures by 70%, to around 997 €. The hybrid configuration enables efficient operation by utilizing heat pumps during moderate outdoor conditions while gas backup supports peak winter heating demand. These results show the strategic value of multi-source integration as a way of enabling residential decarbonization and long-term economic sustainability in the temperate climate.