Energy Justice in Finland - A Review from the Perspectives of Wind Power, Energy Communities, and Energy Poverty

Abstract

This paper reviews energy justice in Finland through practical cases: wind power, energy communities and energy poverty. While Finland is moving quickly toward a low-carbon future, the transition has some uneven social and regional impacts. Wind power projects bring tax income to some cities and regions, but they also spark concerns about fairness. Energy communities provide an opportunity for more inclusive energy systems, yet their growth is limited by regulation and structural barriers. Energy poverty is an issue, particularly in rural areas and among vulnerable groups, where high costs and outdated heating systems deepen inequality. By applying the three key dimensions of energy justice, this review shows that policies must address not only efficiency and technology, but also fairness and inclusion.